Ethical Approval

Trends in Scholarly Publishing is committed to upholding the integrity of the published work, which primarily relies on the ethical practices of all individuals involved in the process. We encourage our authors, reviewers, and editors to consult the Guidelines on the ethics of research and published codes of conduct developed by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Research Involving Human Subjects

When reporting research involving human subjects, human material, human tissues, or human data, it is essential for authors to declare that the investigations were conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki of 1975 , revised in 2013. This declaration confirms, as stated in point 23, that the ethical committee of the relevant institution approved the study. The authors must also affirm that the study was conducted following the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

The Materials and Methods section of the article should include an Ethical Approval letter containing, at minimum, a statement of the project identification code, approval date, and names of the ethical committee members, along with their affiliations. Detailed information about individual participants' data should be provided, but private information that can identify participants need not be included unless it is relevant to the research (e.g., photographs of participants' faces showing a specific symptom). If the study is exempt from requiring ethical approval, this should be clearly mentioned in the manuscript, along with an explanation of the reasons for the exemption. The editors reserve the right to reject any submission that does not adhere to these requirements.

1. Written informed consent for publication must be obtained from participating individuals or patients who can be identified (including by the patients themselves). A template is available to download.
2. Patients' initials or other personal identifiers must not appear in any image.
3. For manuscripts that include any case details, personal information, and/or images of patients, authors must obtain signed informed consent from patients (or their relatives/guardians) before submitting to the Trends in Scholarly Publishing. You may refer to our template of the patient consent form for articles containing patient details and/or images.
4. Patient details must be anonymized as far as possible, e.g., do not mention specific age, ethnicity, or occupation where they are not relevant to the conclusions.
5. You must otherwise provide a detailed justification of why informed consent is not necessary.
6. Written informed consent for publication must be obtained from individuals or patients who can be identified, including the patients themselves. A downloadable template is available for this purpose. A template is available to download.
7. Images must not contain patients' initials or other personal identifiers.
8. For manuscripts that include case details, personal information, and/or images of patients, authors must obtain signed informed consent from the patients themselves or their relatives/guardians before submitting to Trends in Scholarly Publishing. You can refer to our template of the patient consent form for articles containing patient details and/or images.
9. Patient details should be anonymized to the fullest extent possible. Specific age, ethnicity, or occupation should not be mentioned if they are not relevant to the conclusions drawn.
10. If informed consent is deemed unnecessary, a detailed justification must be provided.

Trends in Scholarly Publishing requires an approval, permission, or release form that grants an unlimited license for publication in all formats (including print, electronic, and online), including sub-licensed and reprinted versions (such as translations and derived works), as well as in other works and products under an open access license. In order to respect the privacy of patients and other individuals, please do not submit signed forms. However, the journal reserves the right to request signed forms from authors if necessary.

Clinical Trial Registration

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a clinical trial is defined as "any research study that prospectively assigns human participants or groups of humans to one or more health-related interventions to evaluate the effects on health outcomes." In this context, intervention refers to "an act performed for, with, or on behalf of a person or population with the purpose of assessing, improving, maintaining, promoting, or modifying health, functioning, or health conditions." The health-related outcome encompasses any change in the health of an individual or population resulting from the intervention.

The author is required to register prospective clinical trials (phase II-IV trials) in the appropriate publicly available repositories, such as www.clinicaltrials.gov or any WHO International Clinical Trial Registry Platform. The Trial Registration Number (TRN) and date of registration must be included as the last line of the abstract in the manuscript. For clinical trials that have not been registered prospectively, authors are encouraged to register retrospectively to ensure the complete and proper publication of the results. In such cases, the TRN, date of registration, and the phrase 'retrospectively registered' should be included as the last line of the abstract.

Ethical Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Research

The editors will require that the potential benefits derived from any research involving harm to animals outweigh the costs endured by the animals and that the procedures followed are unlikely to cause significant offense to the majority of readers. Authors should ensure that their research adheres to the widely accepted '3Rs' principles:

1. Replacement of animals with alternatives whenever possible,
2. Reduction in the number of animals used, and
3. Refinement of experimental conditions and procedures to minimize harm to animals.

In addition, any experimental work must comply with relevant national legislation regarding the use of animals for research. Authors are encouraged to consult the Code of Practice for the Housing and Care of Animals Used in Scientific Procedures for further guidance .
Manuscripts that present original research conducted on experimental animals must provide information about approval obtained from a duly constituted research ethics committee. At the very least, the Methods section should include the project identification code, the date of approval, and the name of the ethics committee or institutional review board.

Trends in Scholarly Publishing supports the adoption of the ARRIVE guidelines for reporting experiments involving live animals. Authors and reviewers are encouraged to use the ARRIVE guidelines as a checklist for ensuring comprehensive reporting.

Research Involving Cell Lines

The Materials and Methods sections of submissions reporting research with cell lines should include specific information regarding the origin of the cell lines (such as humans), when and where they were obtained, whether they have been authenticated, and the method of authentication. Additionally, references should be provided to published papers or commercial sources, including the company name, cell type, number of cell lines, and batch information. If previously unpublished de novo cell lines were used or if cell lines were obtained from another laboratory as a gift, it is important to provide details of institutional review board or ethics committee approval. Furthermore, confirmation of written informed consent is required if the cell line is of human origin.

To ensure accuracy and prevent potential issues with cell lines, it is recommended to check the NCBI database for misidentification and contamination of human cell lines prior to conducting the study or submitting the manuscript. This precaution can save significant time and effort, as it alerts the author to possible problems associated with the cell line. For further information, please refer to the International Cell Line Authentication Committee .

Research Involving Plants

Experimental research involving plants, whether they are cultivated or wild, should adhere to institutional, national, or international guidelines. Authors are advised to ensure compliance with the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora .

For each submitted manuscript, it is necessary to provide supporting genetic information and origin details. In the case of research manuscripts involving rare and non-model plants (excluding commonly studied plants like Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, Oriza sativa, and other typical model plants), voucher specimens should be deposited in an accessible herbarium or museum. Vouchers may be requested by future investigators for verification of the material's identity, especially if taxonomic rearrangements are anticipated. The vouchers should include information on the collected populations' location (GPS coordinates), date of collection, and relevant documentation on the specific part(s) used in the study. Exceptions may be made for rare, threatened, or endangered species, but authors must provide an explanation in the cover letter.

Please note that the editors retain the right to reject any submission that does not adhere to these requirements.

Retrospective Ethics Approval

If a study has not received approval from the ethics committee before the commencement of the research, obtaining retrospective ethical approval is not possible. Consequently, the article cannot be considered for peer review, and the decision on whether to proceed to peer review is at the discretion of the Editor.

Ethical Approval for Retrospective Studies

Though retrospective studies are conducted using existing data or materials, where obtaining informed consent may not be necessary or difficult, ethical approval may still be required based on the laws and national ethical guidelines of the respective country. Therefore, authors should check with their relevant institutions to ensure compliance with specific legal requirements.